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: SIGN Level of Evidence - XML Representation

Active as of 2026-01-29

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<CodeSystem xmlns="http://hl7.org/fhir">
  <id value="cs-sign-level-of-evidence"/>
  <text>
    <status value="generated"/>
    <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p class="res-header-id"><b>Generated Narrative: CodeSystem cs-sign-level-of-evidence</b></p><a name="cs-sign-level-of-evidence"> </a><a name="hccs-sign-level-of-evidence"> </a><p>This case-insensitive code system <code>http://fhir.awmf.org/awmf.ig/CodeSystem/cs-sign-level-of-evidence</code> defines the following codes:</p><table class="codes"><tr><td style="white-space:nowrap"><b>Code</b></td><td><b>Display</b></td><td><b>Definition</b></td><td><b>Deutsch (German, de)</b></td></tr><tr><td style="white-space:nowrap">1plusplus<a name="cs-sign-level-of-evidence-1plusplus"> </a></td><td>1++</td><td>High-quality meta-analyses, systematic reviews of RCTs, or RCTs with a very low risk of bias.</td><td>1++</td></tr><tr><td style="white-space:nowrap">1plus<a name="cs-sign-level-of-evidence-1plus"> </a></td><td>1+</td><td>Well-conducted meta-analyses, systematic reviews, or RCTs with a low risk of bias.</td><td>1+</td></tr><tr><td style="white-space:nowrap">1minus<a name="cs-sign-level-of-evidence-1minus"> </a></td><td>1-</td><td>Meta-analyses, systematic reviews, or RCTs with a high risk of bias.</td><td>1-</td></tr><tr><td style="white-space:nowrap">2plusplus<a name="cs-sign-level-of-evidence-2plusplus"> </a></td><td>2++</td><td>High-quality systematic reviews of case-control or cohort studies, or high-quality case-control or cohort studies with a very low risk of confounding or bias and a high probability that the relationship is causal.</td><td>2++</td></tr><tr><td style="white-space:nowrap">2plus<a name="cs-sign-level-of-evidence-2plus"> </a></td><td>2+</td><td>Well-conducted case-control or cohort studies with a low risk of confounding or bias and a moderate probability that the relationship is causal.</td><td>2+</td></tr><tr><td style="white-space:nowrap">2minus<a name="cs-sign-level-of-evidence-2minus"> </a></td><td>2-</td><td>Case-control or cohort studies with a high risk of confounding or bias and a significant risk that the relationship is not causal.</td><td>2-</td></tr><tr><td style="white-space:nowrap">3<a name="cs-sign-level-of-evidence-3"> </a></td><td>3</td><td>Non-analytic studies, e.g., case reports, case series.</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td style="white-space:nowrap">4<a name="cs-sign-level-of-evidence-4"> </a></td><td>4</td><td>Expert opinion.</td><td>4</td></tr></table></div>
  </text>
  <url
       value="http://fhir.awmf.org/awmf.ig/CodeSystem/cs-sign-level-of-evidence"/>
  <version value="0.2.0"/>
  <name value="SIGNLevelOfEvidence"/>
  <title value="SIGN Level of Evidence"/>
  <status value="active"/>
  <experimental value="false"/>
  <date value="2026-01-29T18:27:10+00:00"/>
  <publisher value="AWMF e.V."/>
  <contact>
    <name value="AWMF e.V."/>
    <telecom>
      <system value="url"/>
      <value value="https://www.awmf.org"/>
    </telecom>
  </contact>
  <description
               value="CodeSystem representing the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) Levels of Evidence."/>
  <caseSensitive value="false"/>
  <content value="complete"/>
  <count value="8"/>
  <concept>
    <code value="1plusplus"/>
    <display value="1++"/>
    <definition
                value="High-quality meta-analyses, systematic reviews of RCTs, or RCTs with a very low risk of bias.">
      <extension url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/translation">
        <extension url="lang">
          <valueCode value="de"/>
        </extension>
        <extension url="content">
          <valueString
                       value="Hochwertige Metaanalysen, systematische Reviews von RCTs oder RCTs mit sehr niedrigem Bias-Risiko."/>
        </extension>
      </extension>
    </definition>
    <designation>
      <language value="de"/>
      <value value="1++"/>
    </designation>
  </concept>
  <concept>
    <code value="1plus"/>
    <display value="1+"/>
    <definition
                value="Well-conducted meta-analyses, systematic reviews, or RCTs with a low risk of bias.">
      <extension url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/translation">
        <extension url="lang">
          <valueCode value="de"/>
        </extension>
        <extension url="content">
          <valueString
                       value="Gut durchgeführte Metaanalysen, systematische Reviews oder RCTs mit geringem Bias-Risiko."/>
        </extension>
      </extension>
    </definition>
    <designation>
      <language value="de"/>
      <value value="1+"/>
    </designation>
  </concept>
  <concept>
    <code value="1minus"/>
    <display value="1-"/>
    <definition
                value="Meta-analyses, systematic reviews, or RCTs with a high risk of bias.">
      <extension url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/translation">
        <extension url="lang">
          <valueCode value="de"/>
        </extension>
        <extension url="content">
          <valueString
                       value="Metaanalysen, systematische Reviews oder RCTs mit hohem Bias-Risiko."/>
        </extension>
      </extension>
    </definition>
    <designation>
      <language value="de"/>
      <value value="1-"/>
    </designation>
  </concept>
  <concept>
    <code value="2plusplus"/>
    <display value="2++"/>
    <definition
                value="High-quality systematic reviews of case-control or cohort studies, or high-quality case-control or cohort studies with a very low risk of confounding or bias and a high probability that the relationship is causal.">
      <extension url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/translation">
        <extension url="lang">
          <valueCode value="de"/>
        </extension>
        <extension url="content">
          <valueString
                       value="Hochwertige systematische Reviews von Fall-Kontroll- oder Kohortenstudien oder hochwertige Fall-Kontroll- oder Kohortenstudien mit sehr niedrigem Risiko für Confounding oder Bias."/>
        </extension>
      </extension>
    </definition>
    <designation>
      <language value="de"/>
      <value value="2++"/>
    </designation>
  </concept>
  <concept>
    <code value="2plus"/>
    <display value="2+"/>
    <definition
                value="Well-conducted case-control or cohort studies with a low risk of confounding or bias and a moderate probability that the relationship is causal.">
      <extension url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/translation">
        <extension url="lang">
          <valueCode value="de"/>
        </extension>
        <extension url="content">
          <valueString
                       value="Gut durchgeführte Fall-Kontroll- oder Kohortenstudien (nicht-randomisierte Studien) mit niedrigem Risiko für Confounding oder Bias."/>
        </extension>
      </extension>
    </definition>
    <designation>
      <language value="de"/>
      <value value="2+"/>
    </designation>
  </concept>
  <concept>
    <code value="2minus"/>
    <display value="2-"/>
    <definition
                value="Case-control or cohort studies with a high risk of confounding or bias and a significant risk that the relationship is not causal.">
      <extension url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/translation">
        <extension url="lang">
          <valueCode value="de"/>
        </extension>
        <extension url="content">
          <valueString
                       value="Fall-Kontroll- oder Kohortenstudien mit hohem Risiko für Confounding oder Bias."/>
        </extension>
      </extension>
    </definition>
    <designation>
      <language value="de"/>
      <value value="2-"/>
    </designation>
  </concept>
  <concept>
    <code value="3"/>
    <display value="3"/>
    <definition
                value="Non-analytic studies, e.g., case reports, case series.">
      <extension url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/translation">
        <extension url="lang">
          <valueCode value="de"/>
        </extension>
        <extension url="content">
          <valueString
                       value="Nicht-analytische Studien, z. B. Fallberichte, Fallserien."/>
        </extension>
      </extension>
    </definition>
    <designation>
      <language value="de"/>
      <value value="3"/>
    </designation>
  </concept>
  <concept>
    <code value="4"/>
    <display value="4"/>
    <definition value="Expert opinion.">
      <extension url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/translation">
        <extension url="lang">
          <valueCode value="de"/>
        </extension>
        <extension url="content">
          <valueString value="Expertenmeinung."/>
        </extension>
      </extension>
    </definition>
    <designation>
      <language value="de"/>
      <value value="4"/>
    </designation>
  </concept>
</CodeSystem>